define([
        '../Core/defined',
        '../Core/Intersect',
        '../Core/ManagedArray',
        './Cesium3DTileOptimizationHint',
        './Cesium3DTileRefine'
    ], function(
        defined,
        Intersect,
        ManagedArray,
        Cesium3DTileOptimizationHint,
        Cesium3DTileRefine) {
    'use strict';

    /**
     * @private
     */
    function Cesium3DTilesetTraversal() {
    }

    function isVisible(tile) {
        return tile._visible && tile._inRequestVolume;
    }

    var traversal = {
        stack : new ManagedArray(),
        stackMaximumLength : 0
    };

    var emptyTraversal = {
        stack : new ManagedArray(),
        stackMaximumLength : 0
    };

    var descendantTraversal = {
        stack : new ManagedArray(),
        stackMaximumLength : 0
    };

    var selectionTraversal = {
        stack : new ManagedArray(),
        stackMaximumLength : 0,
        ancestorStack : new ManagedArray(),
        ancestorStackMaximumLength : 0
    };

    var descendantSelectionDepth = 2;

    Cesium3DTilesetTraversal.selectTiles = function(tileset, frameState) {
        tileset._requestedTiles.length = 0;

        if (tileset.debugFreezeFrame) {
            return;
        }

        tileset._selectedTiles.length = 0;
        tileset._selectedTilesToStyle.length = 0;
        tileset._emptyTiles.length = 0;
        tileset._hasMixedContent = false;

        var root = tileset.root;
        updateTile(tileset, root, frameState);

        // The root tile is not visible
        if (!isVisible(root)) {
            return;
        }

        // The tileset doesn't meet the SSE requirement, therefore the tree does not need to be rendered
        if (root.getScreenSpaceError(frameState, true) <= tileset._maximumScreenSpaceError) {
            return;
        }

        if (!skipLevelOfDetail(tileset)) {
            executeBaseTraversal(tileset, root, frameState);
        } else if (tileset.immediatelyLoadDesiredLevelOfDetail) {
            executeSkipTraversal(tileset, root, frameState);
        } else {
            executeBaseAndSkipTraversal(tileset, root, frameState);
        }

        traversal.stack.trim(traversal.stackMaximumLength);
        emptyTraversal.stack.trim(emptyTraversal.stackMaximumLength);
        descendantTraversal.stack.trim(descendantTraversal.stackMaximumLength);
        selectionTraversal.stack.trim(selectionTraversal.stackMaximumLength);
        selectionTraversal.ancestorStack.trim(selectionTraversal.ancestorStackMaximumLength);

        return true;
    };

    function executeBaseTraversal(tileset, root, frameState) {
        var baseScreenSpaceError = tileset._maximumScreenSpaceError;
        var maximumScreenSpaceError = tileset._maximumScreenSpaceError;
        executeTraversal(tileset, root, baseScreenSpaceError, maximumScreenSpaceError, frameState);
    }

    function executeSkipTraversal(tileset, root, frameState) {
        var baseScreenSpaceError = Number.MAX_VALUE;
        var maximumScreenSpaceError = tileset._maximumScreenSpaceError;
        executeTraversal(tileset, root, baseScreenSpaceError, maximumScreenSpaceError, frameState);
        traverseAndSelect(tileset, root, frameState);
    }

    function executeBaseAndSkipTraversal(tileset, root, frameState) {
        var baseScreenSpaceError = Math.max(tileset.baseScreenSpaceError, tileset.maximumScreenSpaceError);
        var maximumScreenSpaceError = tileset.maximumScreenSpaceError;
        executeTraversal(tileset, root, baseScreenSpaceError, maximumScreenSpaceError, frameState);
        traverseAndSelect(tileset, root, frameState);
    }

    function skipLevelOfDetail(tileset) {
        return tileset._skipLevelOfDetail;
    }

    function addEmptyTile(tileset, tile) {
        tileset._emptyTiles.push(tile);
    }

    function selectTile(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        if (tile.contentVisibility(frameState) !== Intersect.OUTSIDE) {
            var tileContent = tile.content;
            if (tileContent.featurePropertiesDirty) {
                // A feature's property in this tile changed, the tile needs to be re-styled.
                tileContent.featurePropertiesDirty = false;
                tile.lastStyleTime = 0; // Force applying the style to this tile
                tileset._selectedTilesToStyle.push(tile);
            } else if ((tile._selectedFrame < frameState.frameNumber - 1)) {
                // Tile is newly selected; it is selected this frame, but was not selected last frame.
                tileset._selectedTilesToStyle.push(tile);
            }
            tile._selectedFrame = frameState.frameNumber;
            tileset._selectedTiles.push(tile);
        }
    }

    function selectDescendants(tileset, root, frameState) {
        var stack = descendantTraversal.stack;
        stack.push(root);
        while (stack.length > 0) {
            descendantTraversal.stackMaximumLength = Math.max(descendantTraversal.stackMaximumLength, stack.length);
            var tile = stack.pop();
            var children = tile.children;
            var childrenLength = children.length;
            for (var i = 0; i < childrenLength; ++i) {
                var child = children[i];
                if (isVisible(child)) {
                    if (child.contentAvailable) {
                        updateTile(tileset, child, frameState);
                        touchTile(tileset, child, frameState);
                        selectTile(tileset, child, frameState);
                    } else if (child._depth - root._depth < descendantSelectionDepth) {
                        // Continue traversing, but not too far
                        stack.push(child);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    function selectDesiredTile(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        if (!skipLevelOfDetail(tileset)) {
            if (tile.contentAvailable) {
                // The tile can be selected right away and does not require traverseAndSelect
                selectTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
            }
            return;
        }

        // If this tile is not loaded attempt to select its ancestor instead
        var loadedTile = tile.contentAvailable ? tile : tile._ancestorWithContentAvailable;
        if (defined(loadedTile)) {
            // Tiles will actually be selected in traverseAndSelect
            loadedTile._shouldSelect = true;
        } else {
            // If no ancestors are ready traverse down and select tiles to minimize empty regions.
            // This happens often for immediatelyLoadDesiredLevelOfDetail where parent tiles are not necessarily loaded before zooming out.
            selectDescendants(tileset, tile, frameState);
        }
    }

    function visitTile(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        ++tileset._statistics.visited;
        tile._visitedFrame = frameState.frameNumber;
    }

    function touchTile(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        if (tile._touchedFrame === frameState.frameNumber) {
            // Prevents another pass from touching the frame again
            return;
        }
        tileset._cache.touch(tile);
        tile._touchedFrame = frameState.frameNumber;
    }

    function getPriority(tileset, tile) {
        // If skipLevelOfDetail is off try to load child tiles as soon as possible so that their parent can refine sooner.
        // Additive tiles are prioritized by distance because it subjectively looks better.
        // Replacement tiles are prioritized by screen space error.
        // A tileset that has both additive and replacement tiles may not prioritize tiles as effectively since SSE and distance
        // are different types of values. Maybe all priorities need to be normalized to 0-1 range.
        if (tile.refine === Cesium3DTileRefine.ADD) {
            return tile._distanceToCamera;
        }
        var parent = tile.parent;
        var useParentScreenSpaceError = defined(parent) && (!skipLevelOfDetail(tileset) || (tile._screenSpaceError === 0.0) || parent.hasTilesetContent);
        var screenSpaceError = useParentScreenSpaceError ? parent._screenSpaceError : tile._screenSpaceError;
        var rootScreenSpaceError = tileset.root._screenSpaceError;
        return rootScreenSpaceError - screenSpaceError; // Map higher SSE to lower values (e.g. root tile is highest priority)
    }

    function loadTile(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        if (hasUnloadedContent(tile) || tile.contentExpired) {
            tile._requestedFrame = frameState.frameNumber;
            tile._priority = getPriority(tileset, tile);
            tileset._requestedTiles.push(tile);
        }
    }

    function updateVisibility(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        if (tile._updatedVisibilityFrame === tileset._updatedVisibilityFrame) {
            // Return early if visibility has already been checked during the traversal.
            // The visibility may have already been checked if the cullWithChildrenBounds optimization is used.
            return;
        }

        tile.updateVisibility(frameState);
        tile._updatedVisibilityFrame = tileset._updatedVisibilityFrame;
    }

    function anyChildrenVisible(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        var anyVisible = false;
        var children = tile.children;
        var length = children.length;
        for (var i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
            var child = children[i];
            updateVisibility(tileset, child, frameState);
            anyVisible = anyVisible || isVisible(child);
        }
        return anyVisible;
    }

    function meetsScreenSpaceErrorEarly(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        var parent = tile.parent;
        if (!defined(parent) || parent.hasTilesetContent || (parent.refine !== Cesium3DTileRefine.ADD)) {
            return false;
        }

        // Use parent's geometric error with child's box to see if the tile already meet the SSE
        return tile.getScreenSpaceError(frameState, true) <= tileset._maximumScreenSpaceError;
    }

    function updateTileVisibility(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        updateVisibility(tileset, tile, frameState);

        if (!isVisible(tile)) {
            return;
        }

        var hasChildren = tile.children.length > 0;
        if (tile.hasTilesetContent && hasChildren) {
            // Use the root tile's visibility instead of this tile's visibility.
            // The root tile may be culled by the children bounds optimization in which
            // case this tile should also be culled.
            var child = tile.children[0];
            updateTileVisibility(tileset, child, frameState);
            tile._visible = child._visible;
            return;
        }

        if (meetsScreenSpaceErrorEarly(tileset, tile, frameState)) {
            tile._visible = false;
            return;
        }

        // Optimization - if none of the tile's children are visible then this tile isn't visible
        var replace = tile.refine === Cesium3DTileRefine.REPLACE;
        var useOptimization = tile._optimChildrenWithinParent === Cesium3DTileOptimizationHint.USE_OPTIMIZATION;
        if (replace && useOptimization && hasChildren) {
            if (!anyChildrenVisible(tileset, tile, frameState)) {
                ++tileset._statistics.numberOfTilesCulledWithChildrenUnion;
                tile._visible = false;
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    function updateTile(tileset, tile, frameState) {
        updateTileVisibility(tileset, tile, frameState);
        tile.updateExpiration();

        tile._shouldSelect = false;
        tile._finalResolution = true;
        tile._ancestorWithContent = undefined;
        tile._ancestorWithContentAvailable = undefined;

        var parent = tile.parent;
        if (defined(parent)) {
            // ancestorWithContent is an ancestor that has content or has the potential to have
            // content. Used in conjunction with tileset.skipLevels to know when to skip a tile.
            // ancestorWithContentAvailable is an ancestor that is rendered if a desired tile is not loaded.
            var hasContent = !hasUnloadedContent(parent) || (parent._requestedFrame === frameState.frameNumber);
            tile._ancestorWithContent = hasContent ? parent : parent._ancestorWithContent;
            tile._ancestorWithContentAvailable = parent.contentAvailable ? parent : parent._ancestorWithContentAvailable;
        }
    }

    function hasEmptyContent(tile) {
        return tile.hasEmptyContent || tile.hasTilesetContent;
    }

    function hasUnloadedContent(tile) {
        return !hasEmptyContent(tile) && tile.contentUnloaded;
    }

    function reachedSkippingThreshold(tileset, tile) {
        var ancestor = tile._ancestorWithContent;
        return !tileset.immediatelyLoadDesiredLevelOfDetail &&
               defined(ancestor) &&
               (tile._screenSpaceError < (ancestor._screenSpaceError / tileset.skipScreenSpaceErrorFactor)) &&
               (tile._depth > (ancestor._depth + tileset.skipLevels));
    }

    function sortChildrenByDistanceToCamera(a, b) {
        // Sort by farthest child first since this is going on a stack
        if (b._distanceToCamera === 0 && a._distanceToCamera === 0) {
            return b._centerZDepth - a._centerZDepth;
        }

        return b._distanceToCamera - a._distanceToCamera;
    }

    function updateAndPushChildren(tileset, tile, stack, frameState) {
        var i;
        var replace = tile.refine === Cesium3DTileRefine.REPLACE;
        var children = tile.children;
        var length = children.length;

        for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
            updateTile(tileset, children[i], frameState);
        }

        // Sort by distance to take advantage of early Z and reduce artifacts for skipLevelOfDetail
        children.sort(sortChildrenByDistanceToCamera);

        // For traditional replacement refinement only refine if all children are loaded.
        // Empty tiles are exempt since it looks better if children stream in as they are loaded to fill the empty space.
        var checkRefines = !skipLevelOfDetail(tileset) && replace && !hasEmptyContent(tile);
        var refines = true;

        var anyChildrenVisible = false;
        for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
            var child = children[i];
            if (isVisible(child)) {
                stack.push(child);
                anyChildrenVisible = true;
            } else if (checkRefines || tileset.loadSiblings) {
                // Keep non-visible children loaded since they are still needed before the parent can refine.
                // Or loadSiblings is true so always load tiles regardless of visibility.
                loadTile(tileset, child, frameState);
                touchTile(tileset, child, frameState);
            }
            if (checkRefines) {
                var childRefines;
                if (!child._inRequestVolume) {
                    childRefines = false;
                } else if (hasEmptyContent(child)) {
                    childRefines = executeEmptyTraversal(tileset, child, frameState);
                } else {
                    childRefines = child.contentAvailable;
                }
                refines = refines && childRefines;
            }
        }

        if (!anyChildrenVisible) {
            refines = false;
        }

        return refines;
    }

    function inBaseTraversal(tileset, tile, baseScreenSpaceError) {
        if (!skipLevelOfDetail(tileset)) {
            return true;
        }
        if (tileset.immediatelyLoadDesiredLevelOfDetail) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!defined(tile._ancestorWithContent)) {
            // Include root or near-root tiles in the base traversal so there is something to select up to
            return true;
        }
        if (tile._screenSpaceError === 0.0) {
            // If a leaf, use parent's SSE
            return tile.parent._screenSpaceError > baseScreenSpaceError;
        }
        return tile._screenSpaceError > baseScreenSpaceError;
    }

    function canTraverse(tileset, tile) {
        if (tile.children.length === 0) {
            return false;
        }
        if (tile.hasTilesetContent) {
            // Traverse external tileset to visit its root tile
            // Don't traverse if the subtree is expired because it will be destroyed
            return !tile.contentExpired;
        }
        return tile._screenSpaceError > tileset._maximumScreenSpaceError;
    }

    function executeTraversal(tileset, root, baseScreenSpaceError, maximumScreenSpaceError, frameState) {
        // Depth-first traversal that traverses all visible tiles and marks tiles for selection.
        // If skipLevelOfDetail is off then a tile does not refine until all children are loaded.
        // This is the traditional replacement refinement approach and is called the base traversal.
        // Tiles that have a greater screen space error than the base screen space error are part of the base traversal,
        // all other tiles are part of the skip traversal. The skip traversal allows for skipping levels of the tree
        // and rendering children and parent tiles simultaneously.
        var stack = traversal.stack;
        stack.push(root);

        while (stack.length > 0) {
            traversal.stackMaximumLength = Math.max(traversal.stackMaximumLength, stack.length);

            var tile = stack.pop();
            var baseTraversal = inBaseTraversal(tileset, tile, baseScreenSpaceError);
            var add = tile.refine === Cesium3DTileRefine.ADD;
            var replace = tile.refine === Cesium3DTileRefine.REPLACE;
            var parent = tile.parent;
            var parentRefines = !defined(parent) || parent._refines;
            var refines = false;

            if (canTraverse(tileset, tile)) {
                refines = updateAndPushChildren(tileset, tile, stack, frameState) && parentRefines;
            }

            var stoppedRefining = !refines && parentRefines;

            if (hasEmptyContent(tile)) {
                // Add empty tile just to show its debug bounding volume
                // If the tile has tileset content load the external tileset
                // If the tile cannot refine further select its nearest loaded ancestor
                addEmptyTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                loadTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                if (stoppedRefining) {
                    selectDesiredTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                }
            } else if (add) {
                // Additive tiles are always loaded and selected
                selectDesiredTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                loadTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
            } else if (replace) {
                if (baseTraversal) {
                    // Always load tiles in the base traversal
                    // Select tiles that can't refine further
                    loadTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                    if (stoppedRefining) {
                        selectDesiredTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                    }
                } else if (stoppedRefining) {
                    // In skip traversal, load and select tiles that can't refine further
                    selectDesiredTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                    loadTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                } else if (reachedSkippingThreshold(tileset, tile)) {
                    // In skip traversal, load tiles that aren't skipped. In practice roughly half the tiles stay unloaded.
                    loadTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                }
            }

            visitTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
            touchTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
            tile._refines = refines;
        }
    }

    function executeEmptyTraversal(tileset, root, frameState) {
        // Depth-first traversal that checks if all nearest descendants with content are loaded. Ignores visibility.
        var allDescendantsLoaded = true;
        var stack = emptyTraversal.stack;
        stack.push(root);

        while (stack.length > 0) {
            emptyTraversal.stackMaximumLength = Math.max(emptyTraversal.stackMaximumLength, stack.length);

            var tile = stack.pop();
            var children = tile.children;
            var childrenLength = children.length;

            // Only traverse if the tile is empty - traversal stop at descendants with content
            var traverse = hasEmptyContent(tile) && canTraverse(tileset, tile);

            // Traversal stops but the tile does not have content yet.
            // There will be holes if the parent tries to refine to its children, so don't refine.
            if (!traverse && !tile.contentAvailable) {
                allDescendantsLoaded = false;
            }

            updateTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
            if (!isVisible(tile)) {
                // Load tiles that aren't visible since they are still needed for the parent to refine
                loadTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                touchTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
            }

            if (traverse) {
                for (var i = 0; i < childrenLength; ++i) {
                    var child = children[i];
                    stack.push(child);
                }
            }
        }

        return allDescendantsLoaded;
    }

    /**
     * Traverse the tree and check if their selected frame is the current frame. If so, add it to a selection queue.
     * This is a preorder traversal so children tiles are selected before ancestor tiles.
     *
     * The reason for the preorder traversal is so that tiles can easily be marked with their
     * selection depth. A tile's _selectionDepth is its depth in the tree where all non-selected tiles are removed.
     * This property is important for use in the stencil test because we want to render deeper tiles on top of their
     * ancestors. If a tileset is very deep, the depth is unlikely to fit into the stencil buffer.
     *
     * We want to select children before their ancestors because there is no guarantee on the relationship between
     * the children's z-depth and the ancestor's z-depth. We cannot rely on Z because we want the child to appear on top
     * of ancestor regardless of true depth. The stencil tests used require children to be drawn first.
     *
     * NOTE: this will no longer work when there is a chain of selected tiles that is longer than the size of the
     * stencil buffer (usually 8 bits). In other words, the subset of the tree containing only selected tiles must be
     * no deeper than 255. It is very, very unlikely this will cause a problem.
     *
     * NOTE: when the scene has inverted classification enabled, the stencil buffer will be masked to 4 bits. So, the
     * selected tiles must be no deeper than 15. This is still very unlikely.
     */
    function traverseAndSelect(tileset, root, frameState) {
        var stack = selectionTraversal.stack;
        var ancestorStack = selectionTraversal.ancestorStack;
        var lastAncestor;

        stack.push(root);

        while (stack.length > 0 || ancestorStack.length > 0) {
            selectionTraversal.stackMaximumLength = Math.max(selectionTraversal.stackMaximumLength, stack.length);
            selectionTraversal.ancestorStackMaximumLength = Math.max(selectionTraversal.ancestorStackMaximumLength, ancestorStack.length);

            if (ancestorStack.length > 0) {
                var waitingTile = ancestorStack.peek();
                if (waitingTile._stackLength === stack.length) {
                    ancestorStack.pop();
                    if (waitingTile !== lastAncestor) {
                        waitingTile._finalResolution = false;
                    }
                    selectTile(tileset, waitingTile, frameState);
                    continue;
                }
            }

            var tile = stack.pop();
            if (!defined(tile)) {
                // stack is empty but ancestorStack isn't
                continue;
            }

            var add = tile.refine === Cesium3DTileRefine.ADD;
            var shouldSelect = tile._shouldSelect;
            var children = tile.children;
            var childrenLength = children.length;
            var traverse = canTraverse(tileset, tile);

            if (shouldSelect) {
                if (add) {
                    selectTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                } else {
                    tile._selectionDepth = ancestorStack.length;
                    if (tile._selectionDepth > 0) {
                        tileset._hasMixedContent = true;
                    }
                    lastAncestor = tile;
                    if (!traverse) {
                        selectTile(tileset, tile, frameState);
                        continue;
                    }
                    ancestorStack.push(tile);
                    tile._stackLength = stack.length;
                }
            }

            if (traverse) {
                for (var i = 0; i < childrenLength; ++i) {
                    var child = children[i];
                    if (isVisible(child)) {
                        stack.push(child);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return Cesium3DTilesetTraversal;
});